Introduction to Photography
Introduction to Photography

A Brief History of Photography

Compiled by Paul Illsley



Click on any image for more information.




   2017

Kodak Alaris announces it will be reintroducing Ektachrome transparency film which had been discontinued in 2012.





   2013

DJI introduces the Phantom 1 quadcopter which was one of the first (and most popular) ready-to-fly consumer oriented quadcopters designed to carry a camera (GoPro) for aerial imaging.





   2012

Original Lytro consumer Light Field Camera introduced (plenoptic photography). Light field cameras allow the user to refocus the image after it has been recorded.





   2012

Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.





   2010

CMOS sensors start replacing CCD sensors in most consumer digital cameras.





   2009

FujiFilm launched the FinePix Real 3D W1 camera, making it the first consumer 3D digital camera with a 3D viewer built in (not requiring special glasses to view).





   2006

Nikon announced it would stop making most of its film camera models and all of its large format lenses.





   2004

Adobe Systems launches the DNG RAW image format.





   2004

Epson announced the R-D1 digital camera, making it the first digital interchangeable-lens rangefinder camera to hit the market. It contained a 6 megapixel APS-C sensor, took leica M-mount lenses, and cost $3000.





   2004

First GoPro 35mm camera produced.





   2002

Contax introduces the Contax N Digital full frame (35mm format sensor dimension) digital camera.





   2002

The Feveon 3X imaging sensor was first used in a consumer camera.





   2000

Nikon releases the first removable lens equipped with vibration reduction (AF Zoom NIKKOR 80-400mm f/4.5-5.6D VR).





   2000

The Sharp SH04 (J-Phone) was the world's first mobile camera phone (110,000 pixels).





   1999

The Secure Digital (SD) memory card was introduced by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic (Matsushita Electric) and Toshiba.





   1999

Nikon launches the D1 SLR (2.74 megapixel), the first ground-up DSLR design by a leading manufacturer.





   1998

DPReview.com came online and continues to provide comprehensive reviews of digital cameras, lenses and accessories, buying guides, user reviews, and active forums for individual cameras, as well as general photography forums.





   1997

Philippe Kahn publicly shared the first known picture via a cell phone.





   1996

Kodak, Fujifilm, Minolta, Nikon and Canon introduce the APS (Advanced Photo System) cartridge system.





   1995

Kodak's DC40 (Apple QuickTake 100) becomes the first digital cameras marketed for consumers (0.38 megapixe).





   1994

First Compact Flash (CF) memory card developed and launched by SanDisk.





   1994

Nikon produced the first optical stabilized lens (a 38–105 mm f/4-7.8 zoom built into the Nikon Zoom 700VR camera).





   1992

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) digital image compression standard was introduced.





   1992

Kodak introduces PhotoCD.





   1991

Kodak introduces the DCS-100 (1.3 megapixels), the world's first digital SLR (a modified Nikon F3).





   1990

Adobe Photoshop released.





   1988

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) revision 5.0 was released which added support for palette color images and LZW compression. The first TIFF version was introduced in 1986.





   1987

Canon introduces the EOS line of 35mm autofocus cameras.





   1986

Fuji releases the first modern “disposable” 35mm camera called the QuickSnap.





   1985

Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system called the Maxxum.





   1983

Kodak introduces the Disc camera and film.





   1981

Sony announced the Sony Mavica as the world's first electronic still camera.





   1976

Pentax released the K1000 body which quickly became one of the most popular entry level manual 35mm SLR cameras of the time (selling over 3,000,000 bodies). The K1000 was a tough, inexpensive and almost all metal camera with manual shutter speed and aperture controls and a simple light meter. This simple camera was very popular with students as well as adventerous photographers.





   1975

Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors.





   1975

Steven Sasson, an engineer working at Eastman Kodak, created the world’s first digital camera (0.01 megapixels). The camera (known as the Sasson Digital Camera) was created by combining available 8mm camera parts and a newly developed CCD sensor. It took 23 seconds to record an image to a cassette tape.





   1972

110 format cameras and film introduced by Kodak.





   1969

Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins use specially modified Hasselblad cameras to record their historic Apollo 11 mission to the moon.





   1969

The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Stanford Research Institute, University of Utah and the University of California at Santa Barbara. This was the foundation link for what we now call the Internet.





   1969

The charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented at AT&T Bell Labs by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith.





   1966

Asahi Pentax introduces the NOCTA camera which was capable of recording infrared images in total darkness. It used 35mm Kodak high speed infrared film, had a permanently mounted 300mm lens and the infrared illumination came from two infrared emitters located on either side of the camera. The rage of the camera (illumination distance) was said to be 91 metres (300 feet).





   1965

Canon produces the world’s longest 35mm telephoto lens. This custom built 5200mm F14 lens is 6 feet long, weighs in at 200 pounds and has a minimum focusing distance of 400 feet. Only 3 were reportedly built.





   1963

Nikon produces the Nikonos camera, the first purpose built underwater camera.





   1963

Kodak introduces the Instamatic 100. It used Kodak's new 126 format film and sold for $16.00.





   1962

The Agfa Optima 1A was one of the first 35mm cameras offering fully automatic exposure control.





   1959

Nikon F introduced. It was the first SLR system to be adopted and used seriously by the general population of professional photographers.





   1957

First digital computer acquisition of scanned photographs, by Russell Kirsch et al. at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards.





   1949

East German Zeiss develops the Contax S, first SLR with an unreversed image in a pentaprism viewfinder.





   1948

Polaroid introduces Land Camera and instant black and white film.





   1948

Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first medium-format SLR for commercial sale.





   1947

Harold Edgerton develops the Rapatronic camera; a high-speed camera capable of recording a still image with an exposure time as brief as 10 nanoseconds.





   1947

Edwin H. Land presents the first demonstration of the instant camera and film at the Optical Society of America meeting.





   1946

Kodak introduces the initial Ektachrome transparency process for sheet and roll film (E-1 process). Ektachrome (E-6 process) was discontinued in 2012.





   1942

The first color film that yields negatives for making chromogenic color prints on paper (Kodacolor).





   1938

The first camera to feature automatic exposure was the selenium light meter-equipped, fully automatic Super Kodak Six-20 pack but its extremely high price (for the time) of $225.00 kept it from achieving any degree of success.





   1937

The Minox Riga "Spy Camera" is the first and the smallest subminiature camera ever sold commercially by Minox. It dates back to WWII and was in production from 1937 to 1943





   1936

Canon (then called Seiki-Kogaku Kenkyusho) introduces their first camera, the Kwanon. Because Canon did not have facilities to create their own lenses at the time it used lenses supplied by Nippon Kogaku Kogyo (which became Nikon).





   1936

The Kine Exakta (Germany) was the first 35mm SLR still camera in regular production.





   1936

Kodachrome transparency film is released by Kodak, the first multi-layered color film (discontinued in 2009).





   1934

Fuji Photo Film founded and became the first Japanese producer of photographic films.





   1932

Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, et al, form Group f/64.





   1931

Harold Eugene "Doc" Edgerton, a professor at MIT, developes the electronic flash (stroboscope) which opens a new field of stop action photography.





   1929

Manufactured flashbulbs were first produced commercially in Germany.





   1926

First underwater color photograph was recorded off the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico by Dr. William Longley and National Geographic staff photographer Charles Martin. Equipped with cameras encased in waterproof housing and pounds of highly explosive magnesium flash powder for underwater illumination.





   1925

First 35mm camera produced by Leica (designed by Oskar Barnack). Ernst Leitz (owner of Leica) authorized the production of 1,000 cameras.





   1917

Nippon Kogaku K.K. (Nikon) was established in Tokyo.





   1913

Édouard Belin's Belinograph scanned photographs using a photocell and transmitted the image over ordinary phone lines (a precursor to the modern day FAX machine); this formed the basis for the AT&T Wirephoto service.





   1912

The Graflex Speed Graphic is commonly called the most famous press camera. The Speed Graphic camera gets its name from the relative speed of the built in focal plane shutter which had a maximum shutter speed of 1/1000 second.





   1909

Kodak announces 35 mm "safety" motion picture film on an acetate base as an alternative to the highly flammable nitrate base.





   1908

Kinemacolor, a two-color process known as the first commercial "natural color" system for movies, is introduced.





   1907

First commercial color film (Autochrome plates) manufactured by Lumiere brothers in France.





   1903

Agfa produces its first cinematographic film.





   1900

Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera introduced. This was the first camera to use 120 roll-film. The camera sold for $1.00. Over 150,000 Brownie cameras were shipped in the first year of production.





   1892

Eastman Dry Plate Company was renamed Eastman Kodak Company. The letter K was a favorite of Eastman's; he is quoted as saying "it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter." Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, easy to pronounce, and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else.





   1888

The first model of the Kodak camera was introduced. It was preloaded with a 20-foot roll of paper, enough for 100 2.5-inch diameter circular pictures.





   1880

George Eastman sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York.





   1878

Eadweard Muybridge uses a series of 12 cameras to photograph a trotting horse to settle a bet concerning whether all the hoses’ feet were ever off the ground during a trot.





   1871

Richard Leach Maddox suggested in the 8 September 1871 British Journal of Photography article “An Experiment with Gelatino-Bromide” that sensitizing chemicals cadmium bromide and silver nitrate should be coated on a glass plate in gelatin; not long after the “emulsion” could be coated on celluloidroll film.





   1869

Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron published his practical processes for color photography on the three-color principle in "Les couleurs en photographie, solution du problem".





   1861

Oliver Wendell Holmes created and deliberately did not patent a handheld, streamlined and much more economical Stereoscopic viewer.





   1861

James Clerk Maxwell presented the world's first demonstration of colour photography (recorded by Thomas Sutton). He photographed a tartan ribbon through red, green, and blue filters which were then projected simultaneously on a screen.





   1860

Oldest surviving aerial photo was recorded over Boston from a hot air balloon by James Wallace Black.





   1858

Felix Toumachon (Nadar) is thought to be the first person to record aerial images (from a balloon over Paris) and the first person to record images below the ground (Parisian Catacombs).





   1838

"Boulevard du Temple", a daguerreotype made by Louis Daguerre, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph of a human (lower left of the image).





   1838

Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the earliest type of stereoscope. It used a pair of mirrors at 45 degree angles to the user's eyes, each reflecting a picture located off to the side.





   1837

Louis Daguerre produces "Daguerreotype" images on silver-plated copper which was infused with silver iodide and developed with mercury. Daguerre is given a state pension by the French government in exchange for the rights by other French citizens to use the process.





   1834

Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper.





   1826

The earliest surviving camera photograph (heliographic image), known as "View from the Window at Le Gras", was recorded in France by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.





   1800

Thomas Wedgwood makes "sun pictures" or "photograms" by placing opaque objects on a surface treated with silver nitrate; these early images did not last long when exposed to bright light. Wedgwood is the first person reliably documented to have used light-sensitive chemicals to capture silhouette images on durable media such as paper, and the first known to have attempted to photograph the image formed in a camera obscura.





   1490

Leonardo da Vinci documents the first detailed camera obscura descriptions in his writings found in the Codex Atlanticus.





   circa 391 BCE

The earliest written record of the camera obscura was by Mozi (circa 470 BCE-circa 391 BCE). Mozi documented that the camera obscura image is flipped upside down because light travels in straight lines from its source.



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